Early signs of pregnancy

Table of Contents

1. Dog pregnant - signs and first steps
2. Pregnancy in dogs - stages and development
3. Feeding a pregnant bitch correctly - nutrition plan
4. Preparing for birth - whelping box and equipment
5. Birth in dogs - process and complications
6. Puppy care in the first weeks
7. Monitoring the health of mother and puppies
8. Common problems during pregnancy
9. Costs of a dog pregnancy
10. Frequently asked questions about dog pregnancy
11. Checklist for prospective dog owners

Dog pregnant - signs and first steps

Is my dog pregnant: The first signs of pregnancy in female dogs appear about 2-3 weeks after fertilization through changed nipples, reduced appetite, nausea, and behavioral changes. A reliable diagnosis is possible by ultrasound from day 25-30 or by X-ray from day 45.

Early signs of pregnancy

Week 1-2 after fertilization (often unnoticed):

• Behavioral changes: More affection or withdrawal
• Nipple changes: Slight swelling, pink discoloration
• Appetite changes: Some bitches eat less
• Fatigue: Increased need for sleep (12-16 hours daily) Week 3-4 (clearer signs):
• Nipple enlargement: Clearly visible swelling
• Mucous discharge: Clear to slightly milky discharge Week 5-6 (reliable signs):
• Increase in abdominal circumference: Visible rounding of the abdomen
• Raised body temperature: 0.5-1°C above normal (38.5-39.5°C)
• Nesting behavior: Searching for quiet, dark places Ultrasound examination (from day 25-30):
• Early detection: Heartbeat detectable from day 25
• Cost: 50-80 euros Palpation (manual examination from day 28-35):
• Experience required: Only by trained veterinarians
• Time window: Day 28-35 optimal (gestational sacs palpable)
• Risk: Too much pressure can trigger abortion X-ray examination (from day 45):
• Skeletal ossification: Visible from day 45-50
• Birth planning: Pelvic measurement to prevent dystocia
• Radiation exposure: Minimal with modern equipment Hormonal diagnostics: Relaxin test (from day 30):
• Rapid test: Result in 10 minutes
• Cost: 25-40 euros Progesterone course: Scientific studies document characteristic hormone profiles during pregnancy (PMID: 1168909). Research results show that bitches are completely dependent on luteally produced progesterone throughout pregnancy (PMID: 32143817):
• Day 1-20: Progesterone 2-15 ng/ml
• Day 21-40: Progesterone 15-80 ng/ml
• Day 41-60: Progesterone 5-20 ng/ml
• Day 61-63: Progesterone < 2 ng/ml (initiation of birth)

First steps when pregnancy is confirmed

Immediate measures:

1. Initial veterinary examination: Within 1 week of suspicion
2. Check vaccination status: Current immunization is important
3. Parasite treatment: Deworming according to veterinary plan
4. Diet change: Switch to high-quality puppy food
5. Adjust activity: Moderate exercise instead of intense sport Start documentation:

• Pregnancy diary: Weight, behavior, special observations
• Note appointments: Ultrasound, X-ray, expected due date
• Cost estimate: Budget for vet, equipment, food
• Puppy planning: List of interested buyers, prepare breeding papers

Pregnancy in dogs - stages and development

First trimester (day 1-21) - fertilization and implantation

Day 1-7 - fertilization and cell division:

• Ovulation: 2-3 days before to 2-3 days after mating
• Sperm survival time: 5-7 days in the reproductive tract
• Fertilization: In the oviduct, 2-5 days after mating
• Cell division: Morula stage after 4-5 days Day 8-16 - migration and implantation:
• Blastocyst migration: Toward the uterine horn
• Free movement: 4-5 days in the uterus
• Implantation: Day 14-16, attachment to the uterine wall
• Hormonal change: Progesterone rise begins Day 17-21 - early organ development:
• Embryonic phase begins: Basic organs are formed
• Placenta formation: Supply from the mother begins
• Size: 2-3 mm embryonic structure
• Mother: Usually no visible changes yet Scientific embryology: Veterinary medical literature describes the early development of embryos. Ultrasonographic studies allow non-invasive monitoring of fetal development during pregnancy (PMID: 29169145):
• Day 12: Trophoblast formation
• Day 14: First vascular development
• Day 16: Neural tube formation begins
• Day 19: Heart primordium recognizable

Second trimester (day 22-42) - organogenesis

Day 22-28 - critical developmental phase:

• Organogenesis: All major organs are formed
• Size: 5-10 mm embryonic length
• Cardiac activity: Detectable sonographically from day 25
• Teratogen risk: Highest risk of malformations Day 29-35 - fetal development:
• Fetus designation: From day 35 (all organs formed)
• Size: 20-30 mm crown-rump length
• Sex: Externally distinguishable
• Movements: First spontaneous movements Day 36-42 - growth phase:
• Size growth: 35-45 mm length
• Coat development: First hair follicles form
• Tooth development: Deciduous tooth buds
• Reflexes: Sucking reflex develops Mother in the second trimester:
• Abdominal circumference: First visible rounding
• Nipples: Clear enlargement, first milk production

Third trimester (day 43-63) - maturation phase

Day 43-49 - Rapid Growth Phase:

• Size: 60-80 mm length
• Weight: 50-100 g per puppy
• Skeleton: Ossification begins (visible on X-ray)
• Lungs: Surfactant production starts Day 50-56 - preparation for life:
• Size: 100-120 mm length
• Weight: 150-300 g per puppy
• Thermoregulation: Foundations are developing
• Immune system: First antibody transfer Day 57-63 - readiness for birth:
• Size: 120-150 mm (breed dependent)
• Birth weight: 200-500 g (small breeds) to 400-800 g (large breeds)
• Viability: High survival chances from day 58
• Presentation: Head or breech position possible Mother shortly before birth:
• Body temperature drop: 24-48h before birth to 37-38°C
• Nesting behavior: Intensive search for a birth place
• Restlessness: Increasing nervousness 12-24h before birth

Special monitoring required

Critical time points:

• Day 25-30: Check embryonic heart activity
• Day 45: X-ray for puppy count determination
• Day 58: Birth readiness check with veterinarian
• Day 65+: Prolongation - immediate veterinary examination Warning signs for complications:
• Bloody discharge: Abnormal at any time
• Greenish discharge: Possible placental detachment
• Persistent vomiting: > 24 hours
• Apathy: Marked behavioral change
• Weight loss: Decrease instead of gain

Nutrient requirements during pregnancy

Energy requirements by trimester:

• High-quality sources: Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products
• Amino acids: All 10 essential amino acids in an optimal ratio Scientific nutrition studies: Current research shows the benefit of targeted nutrient supplementation during pregnancy. A study with 30 pregnant bitches documented that folic acid supplementation can reduce the frequency of cleft palates in predisposed breeds: in pugs from 10.86% to 4.76% and in Chihuahuas from 15.78% to 4.8% (PMID: 23691573). The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) provides evidence-based recommendations in its 2024 reproduction guidelines for:
• Protein supply: 25-30% of dry matter is optimal
• Folic acid supplementation: From heat until day 40 of pregnancy
• Omega-3 fatty acids: Support neurological development
• Small, frequent meals: 3-4x daily to relieve the digestive system

Special food for pregnant bitches

Puppy food as a basis: Recommended premium brands: 2. Royal Canin Mother & Babydog: Specifically for pregnancy/lactation 3. Eukanuba Puppy: High nutrient density 4. Pro Plan Puppy: Probiotics for gut health

Critical nutrients and supplementation

Folic acid (vitamin B9):

• Requirement: 0.27 mg/100 g body weight daily
• Function: DNA synthesis, neural tube development
• Deficiency consequences: Cleft palate, anencephaly
• Supplementation: 4 weeks before to 2 weeks after birth Calcium (controversially discussed):
• Requirement: 120 mg/kg body weight daily
• CAUTION: Excessive amounts can promote eclampsia
• Rule: NO calcium supplementation during pregnancy
• Exception: Only in cases of proven deficiency and under veterinary supervision Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA):
• Requirement: 20-30 mg/kg body weight daily
• Sources: Fish oil, salmon, mackerel
• Function: Brain and retina development
• Timing: Especially important in the last trimester Iron:
• Requirement: 1.8 mg/kg body weight (twice as much as normal)
• Function: Hemoglobin production for mother and puppies
• Deficiency: Anemia in mother, underweight puppies
• Sources: Liver, red meat, blood sausage

Feeding schedule by week

Week 1-3 of pregnancy:

• Food: Usual high-quality food
• Amount: Normal daily ration
• Meals: 2x daily
• Weight control: Weigh weekly Week 4-6 of pregnancy:
• Food: Switch to puppy food
• Meals: 2-3x daily
• Add-on: Start folic acid supplementation Week 7-9 of pregnancy:
• Meals: 3-4x daily (smaller portions)
• Quality: Highly digestible, energy-rich
• Water: Available ad libitum

Forbidden foods during pregnancy

Absolutely toxic:

• Chocolate: Theobromine poisoning
• Onions/garlic: Hemolysis (destruction of blood cells)
• Grapes: Possible kidney failure
• Xylitol: Hypoglycemia, liver failure Unsuitable during pregnancy:
• Raw meat/fish: Risk of Salmonella, Toxoplasma
• Raw eggs: Salmonella + biotin deficiency
• Cheese (soft cheese): Risk of listeria
• Caffeine: Cardiovascular strain

Weight management

Optimal weight gain: Weight control:

• Weekly weighing: Same time of day, fasting
• Body condition score: 3-4 out of 5 optimal
• Palpability of ribs: Should remain preserved
• Waist: Still visible from above Avoiding overweight:
• Health risks: Difficult births, increased cesarean risk
• Puppy size: Too large puppies in overweight mother
• Lactation: Reduced milk production

Preparing for birth - whelping box and equipment

The perfect whelping box

Size and material:

• Minimum size: The bitch must be able to stretch out fully
• Small breeds: 80 x 80 cm sufficient
• Medium breeds: 100 x 100 cm recommended
• Large breeds: 120 x 120 cm or larger
• Wall height: 30-40 cm (prevents puppies from escaping, allows the mother to enter/exit)
• Material: Plastic or wood with smooth, washable surfaces

Puppy protection rail (essential):

• Installed 10-15 cm from the wall
• Height: 10-12 cm above floor level
• Purpose: Prevents puppies from being crushed by the mother
• Life-saving: Standard equipment in experienced breeding operations

Flooring (multi-layer):

1. Base: Waterproof underlay (plastic sheet)
2. Padding: Old towels or fleece blankets (washable)
3. Surface: Absorbent disposable pads for easy cleaning
4. Change: Replace completely daily, immediately if soiled

Location of the whelping box

Ideal environment:

• Quiet and protected: Little foot traffic
• Familiar territory: A room where the bitch feels comfortable
• Can be darkened: For calm during birth
• Well ventilated: But free of drafts
• Temperature control: 28-32°C for newborns (heat lamp)

Acclimatization:

• 2-4 weeks before: Set up the whelping box
• Positive association: Treats and praise when entering
• Sleeping place: The bitch should rest in it voluntarily
• No forcing: Some bitches choose alternative places

Necessary birth assistance equipment

Basic medical equipment:

Comfort and care:

• Towels (30+): Dry puppies, line the whelping box
• Heat lamp: Infrared red light (32°C for newborns)
• Hot water bottle/heating pad: Backup heat source
• Clock/timer: Document contraction intervals
• Notebook: Record the birth process

Emergency preparation:

• Veterinary emergency number: Post visibly
• 24-hour animal clinic: Prepare address and route
• Transport crate: Ready for emergency transport
• Colostrum substitute: If the mother cannot nurse
• Bottle and teat: For supplemental feeding

Health checks before birth

Veterinary examinations (timeline):

Day 45-50 (6-7 weeks pregnant):

• X-ray examination: Exact puppy count determination
• Pelvic measurement: Assess dystocia risk
• Weight control: Check optimal weight gain
• Cost: 60-120 euros

Day 55-58 (8 weeks pregnant):

• Birth readiness check: Assess general condition
• Blood work: Rule out anemia
• Calcium level: Assess eclampsia risk
• Due date refinement: ±2 days accuracy
• Cost: 40-80 euros

Temperature monitoring (from day 58):

• Normal: 38.5-39.5°C
• Birth announcement: Drop to 37-38°C
• Timing: 24-48h before birth
• Measurement: Rectally twice daily

Signs of impending birth

48-24 hours before:

• Nesting behavior: Intense scratching, arranging blankets
• Loss of appetite: Refusal of food
• Restlessness: Constant standing up and lying down
• Temperature drop: To 37-38°C
• Panting: Increased breathing rate

12-6 hours before:

• Trembling: Muscle trembling due to hormonal changes
• Milk letdown: Milk can be expressed from nipples
• Withdrawal: Seeks the whelping box or a quiet place
• Mucus discharge: Clear to slightly pink mucus

0-2 hours before:

• Visible contractions: Abdominal muscles contract rhythmically
• Straining: Active pushing begins
• Amniotic sac visible: Recognizable at the vulva
• Full concentration: The bitch focuses inward

Prepare emergency contacts

Create an emergency card:

BIRTH EMERGENCY CONTACTS

Veterinarian:
Name: _______________
Phone: _______________
Availability: _______________

24h animal clinic:
Name: _______________
Address: _______________
Phone: _______________
Distance: _____ km

Experienced breeder (backup):
Name: _______________
Phone: _______________

Expected due date: _______________
Puppy count (X-ray): _____
Mother's blood type: _______________

Emergency transport preparation:

• Car: Tank full, parking space free
• Transport crate: Lined with blankets, in the car
• Mobile phone: Charged, veterinarian number saved
• Helper: Second person available for emergency transport

Birth in dogs - process and complications

Phase 1: Opening phase (6-12 hours)

Physiological processes:

• Cervical dilation: The cervix opens from 0 to 10 cm
• Uterine contractions: Rhythmic, but still weak
• Hormonal change: Release of oxytocin and prostaglandins
• Amniotic sac displacement: Puppies position themselves

Visible behavior:

• Nervousness: Constant pacing
• Panting: Increased breathing rate
• Loss of appetite: Complete refusal of food
• Nesting: Intense scratching and digging
• Temperature: 37-38°C (already dropped)
• NO active straining: Only internal contractions

Important: Do NOT disturb the bitch, allow rest, offer water

Phase 2: Expulsion phase (2-8 hours)

First puppy birth:

• Amniotic sac visible: Greyish-blue sac at the vulva
• Active straining: Clear abdominal contractions
• Intervals: One straining contraction every 30-60 seconds
• Time to puppy: 10-30 minutes after first straining is normal
• Puppy delivery: Head or breech position (both normal)

Mother's behavior after each puppy is born:

1. Open the amniotic sac: Tear it open immediately with teeth (30 seconds)
2. Lick the puppy: Intense licking stimulates breathing
3. Cut the umbilical cord: Bite it off 2-3 cm from the abdomen
4. Eat the placenta: Normal, but at most 1-2 placentas

Puppy birth timing:

Birth assistance if needed:

Amniotic sac not opened (30-second rule):

1. Put on sterile gloves
2. Carefully tear open the amniotic sac with a finger
3. Remove mucus from nose/mouth with a bulb syringe
4. Hold puppy upside down, shake gently (clear the airways)
5. Rub vigorously with a towel (stimulate breathing)

Umbilical cord care (if mother fails):

1. 2-3 cm distance from the puppy's abdomen, clamp off
2. Tie with sterile thread
3. Cut with clean scissors
4. Disinfect navel stump with iodine

Phase 3: Placental phase (ongoing)

Placenta expulsion:

• Timing: 5-15 minutes after each puppy
• Number: MUST equal the number of puppies
• Check: Count and document each placenta
• Color: Dark red-green is normal
• Eating: Mother may eat 1-2 (more -> diarrhea)

⚠️ WARNING - retained placenta: If placentas < puppy count -> IMMEDIATE VETERINARIAN

• Risk: Metritis (uterine inflammation)
• Symptoms: Foul-smelling discharge, fever
• Life-threatening: Within 24-48 hours

Normal vs. abnormal birth

Normal birth signs (✅):

• Contraction intervals 15-60 minutes between puppies
• Clear to slightly pink mucus discharge
• Puppies are cared for immediately by the mother
• Puppies breathe within 30 seconds
• Mother remains attentive and caring
• Total duration under 12 hours

EMERGENCY SIGNS (❌) - Immediate vet:

Dystocia (difficult birth) - causes and frequency

Scientific studies with 2,489 litters show a dystocia rate of 23.8% (PMID: 30784806) with the following risk factors:

Maternal factors (mother-related):

• Primary: contractions do not start
• Secondary: contractions stop (fatigue)
• Too narrow pelvis: Especially in first-time mothers
• Obesity: Overweight bitches have 3x higher risk
• Age: > 6 years or < 2 years increases risk

Fetal factors (puppy-related):

• Too large puppies: Common in litters of 1-2 puppies
• Malpresentation: Breech with legs flexed
• Fetal malformations: Hydrocephalus, anasarca

Breed predisposition:

Medical vs. surgical intervention

Medical management:

Oxytocin administration (veterinarian only!):

• Indication: Primary uterine inertia (weak contractions)
• Contraindication: Puppy stuck -> uterine rupture!
• Dosage: 0.5-2 IU intramuscularly
• Effect: Within 5-15 minutes
• Repeat: Max. 3 doses at 30-minute intervals

Calcium gluconate (for hypocalcemia):

• Monitoring: Check heart rate
• Effect: Stronger contractions within 10-20 minutes

Surgical management (cesarean section):

Absolute indications:

• Puppy stuck (obstructive dystocia)
• Uterine torsion
• Uterine rupture

• 2 hours active labor without progress

• Fetal heart rate < 150 beats/min (hypoxia)

Prognosis after cesarean section:

• Cost: 500-1,500 euros depending on clinic

Breech position and malpresentations

Normal positions:

Problematic positions:

• Breech with bent legs: Puppy gets stuck
• Transverse position: Puppy lies across the birth canal
• Foreleg presentation: Only one leg first
• Head-side position: Head turned to the side

Manual correction (experienced veterinarian only): Repositioning during a pause in contractions is possible, but cesarean section is often safer.

Puppy care in the first weeks

The first 24 hours - critical phase

Colostrum (first milk) - life essential:

Optimal colostrum intake (timeline):

Critical IgG threshold: Studies in large kennels show: IgG < 230 mg/dl significantly increases mortality risk (PMID: 24880625). Puppy mortality correlates directly with inadequate passive immune transfer.

Practical measures in the first 4 hours:

1. Place each puppy on a nipple within 30 minutes
2. Confirm suckling: Swallowing movements visible
3. Weak puppies: Actively place on the richest milk-producing nipple
4. Rotation: Let puppies rotate every 2-3 hours
5. Documentation: Which puppies have nursed

Colostrum characteristics:

• Color: Yellowish, thicker than milk
• Immunoglobulin content: 20-50x higher than normal milk
• Production: Only first 24-48 hours

Thermoregulation - vital for survival

Neonatal hypothermia (main cause of death):

Puppies cannot regulate their body temperature on their own during the first 2 weeks of life. Hypothermia leads to:

• Reduced immune function
• Slower digestion
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• Death within 24-48 hours

Optimal ambient temperature (by week):

Heat sources (pay attention to safety):

• Infrared heat lamp: 50-100 cm distance, red light
• Hot water bottle: Wrapped in a towel, replace every 2-3h
• IMPORTANT: Provide a cooler zone (avoid overheating)

Recognizing and treating hypothermia:

• Symptoms: Cold extremities, reduced activity, no suckling
• Rectal temperature < 35°C: Emergency
• Warming: 0.5-1°C per hour (SLOWLY!)
• Method: Body-to-body contact, incubator

Nutrition and weight development

Normal nursing frequency:

• Week 1: Every 2-3 hours (8-12x daily)
• Week 2: Every 3-4 hours (6-8x daily)
• Week 3-4: Every 4-6 hours (4-6x daily)
• From week 4: Supplementary feeding begins

Weight development (guideline values):

• Day 7-10: Birth weight doubled
• Day 14: Birth weight tripled
• Week 4: Birth weight quadrupled

Daily weighing - protocol:

Puppy A: Day 1: 350g | Day 2: 360g (+10g) ✅
Puppy B: Day 1: 320g | Day 2: 310g (-10g) ⚠️ CHECK
Puppy C: Day 1: 280g | Day 2: 295g (+15g) ✅

Warning signs:

• No weight gain over 2 days
• Puppy crying (hunger indicator)
• Weakness: No active suckling

Supplemental feeding needed if:

• Mother has insufficient milk (agalactia)
• Too large a litter (>8-10 puppies)
• Mother refuses nursing
• Puppies show failure to thrive

Puppy milk replacer:

• Commercial products: Royal Canin Babydog Milk, Esbilac
• Temperature: 38°C (simulating body temperature)
• Interval: Every 2-3 hours (even at night!)
• Method: Bottle with puppy teat

Umbilical cord care and hygiene

Normal umbilical cord development:

• Day 1-2: Umbilical stump 1-2 cm long, moist
• Day 3-5: Stump dries out, turns black
• Day 7-10: Stump falls off, small scar remains
• Day 14: Navel completely healed

Care routine:

• No active cleaning: Mother licks it off (natural disinfection)
• If soiled: Dab with sterile saline
• Disinfection: Iodine solution 1x daily (first 3 days)
• NO powder: Promotes infection

Omphalitis (navel infection) - warning signs:

• Redness: Around the navel
• Swelling: Abdomen appears bloated
• Foul smell: From the navel area
• Pus: Yellow-green discharge
• Apathy: Puppy does not drink, does not cry
• Treatment: IMMEDIATE veterinarian (antibiotics required)

Development milestones week by week

Week 1 (neonatal period):

• Eyes: Closed
• Ears: Closed
• Movement: Crawling, no walking
• Senses: Only smell and touch
• Weight: Doubles

Week 2 (transitional period begins):

• Eyes: Open day 10-14 (VARIABLE!)
• Ears: Begin opening day 13-17
• Teeth: First milk teeth erupt
• Movement: First shaky attempts at walking
• Behavior: Responds to sounds
• Weight: Triples

Week 3 (socialization period starts):

• Eyes: Fully open, vision developing
• Ears: Functional, orients to sounds
• Movement: Walking, playing with littermates
• Behavior: First interactions, tail wagging
• Deworming: First deworming treatment (day 14-21)
• Supplemental feeding: Can begin (puppy mush)

Week 4 (juvenile period):

• Social behavior: Strong interactions
• Play behavior: Learning bite inhibition
• Supplemental feeding: Established (mash 4-5x daily)
• Cleanliness: Leaves sleeping area to eliminate
• Deworming: Second deworming treatment
• Weight: Quadruples

Health checks and monitoring

Daily puppy examination (checklist):

• Activity: Puppy moves normally, no trembling
• Sucking behavior: Nurses regularly every 2-3 hours
• Body temperature: Warm (not cold or overheated)
• Skin color: Pink (not pale or blue)
• Elimination: Regular urine and stool
• Stool consistency: Pasty, yellowish (not green or bloody)
• Umbilical cord: Dry, no redness
• Breathing: 15-35 breaths/min, without noises
• Crying: Only briefly when hungry, not continuously

Fading Puppy Syndrome (FPS):

Definition: Sudden death of apparently healthy puppies in week 1-2

Risk factors:

• Insufficient colostrum intake
• Hypothermia
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• Congenital defects
• Bacterial infections (E. coli, streptococci)

Symptoms:

• Declining activity
• Reduced suckling
• Weight loss or stagnation
• Low temperature (< 35°C)
• Persistent crying or complete apathy

Emergency measures:

1. Contact a veterinarian immediately
2. Warm puppy slowly (0.5°C/hour)
3. Offer colostrum or puppy milk replacer
4. Isolate from litter (avoid infection)

Socialization from week 3

Sensitive phase for imprinting:

• Week 3-12: Critical window for socialization
• Week 3-7: Imprinting on littermates
• Week 5-12: Imprinting on humans and environment

Early enrichment (from week 3):

• Gentle touch: 5-10 minutes daily for each puppy
• Different surfaces: Carpet, tiles, grass
• Auditory stimuli: Radio, vacuum cleaner, doorbell
• Visual stimuli: Toys, movement
• Smells: Different food aromas

Important: Avoid stress, create positive experiences!

Monitoring the health of mother and puppies

Mother health after birth

First 24 hours postpartum:

Normal state:

• Rectal temperature: 38.5-39.5°C (may be slightly elevated for 24h)
• Heart rate: 60-120 beats/minute
• Respiratory rate: 10-30 breaths/minute
• Appetite: Returns within 12-24 hours
• Discharge: Dark green to reddish-brown (lochia), 1-3 weeks
• Behavior: Caring, nurses puppies every 2-3 hours

Lochia (postpartum discharge):

• Day 1-7: Dark green to dark red, low odor
• Day 8-14: Lighter reddish-brown
• Day 15-21: Light pink to clear, decreasing
• WARNING: Foul-smelling, yellow-green discharge = metritis (uterine inflammation)

Daily health checks (first week):

• Rectal temperature: Measure in the morning
• Nipple check: Check for hardness, pain, heat
• Milk flow: Check each nipple
• Discharge: Document color and smell
• Appetite: Eats 2-3x normal amount
• Water intake: Increased (milk production!)
• Behavior: Attentive toward puppies
• Urine/stool: Normal, regular elimination

Nutrition of the nursing bitch

Energy and nutrient requirements during lactation:

Food quality:

• Puppy food: High energy density (4.5-5 kcal/g)
• Meals: 3-4x daily (smaller portions)
• Water: Ad libitum, permanently available

Mastitis (mammary gland inflammation)

Causes:

• Bacterial infection (usually E. coli, staphylococci)
• Milk stasis due to too few puppies
• Injury to nipples from puppy teeth
• Unsanitary whelping box conditions

Symptoms:

• Swollen, hard nipples: Painful to touch
• Redness: Skin around nipple reddened
• Heat: Affected nipple feels warmer
• Discolored milk: Yellow-green, bloody, flaky
• Systemic symptoms: Fever (>39.5°C), loss of appetite, apathy

Treatment (VETERINARIAN!):

• Antibiotics: 7-14 days (cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid)
• Pain relief: NSAIDs (meloxicam)
• Warm compresses: 3-4x daily for 10 minutes
• Manual stripping: Empty affected nipple
• Let puppies continue nursing: On healthy nipples (antibiotics usually safe for puppies)

Prevention:

• Daily nipple checks
• Clean, dry whelping box
• Regularly trim puppy claws (from week 3)
• Even distribution of puppies across all nipples

Eclampsia (milk fever) - life-threatening complication

Studies show that eclampsia occurs primarily in small dog breeds with large litters (PMID: 10909462). Ionized calcium concentration ≤ 0.8 mmol/L is diagnostic for eclampsia (PMID: 10909462).

Timing:

• Breed predisposition: Toy breeds, <10 kg body weight

Early stage:

• Nervousness, restlessness
• Panting
• Muscle stiffness
• Ataxia (unsteady gait)

Advanced stage:

• Tonic spasms
• Rigid gait
• Hyperthermia (40-42°C)
• Mydriasis (dilated pupils)

Critical stage:

• Altered consciousness
• Persistent seizures
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Death within 12 hours without treatment

Emergency treatment (veterinarian only!):

• ECG monitoring: Check heart rhythm (arrhythmia risk)
• Cooling: In hyperthermia (>40°C)
• Anticonvulsants: Diazepam for persistent seizures

Prognosis: According to veterinary literature (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, PMID: 10909462), survival with early veterinary treatment is > 95%. Important note: These are average values - the individual prognosis depends on many factors. If eclampsia is suspected, contact a veterinarian IMMEDIATELY.

Recurrence prevention:

• Oral calcium: 50-100 mg/kg daily for the rest of lactation
• Vitamin D3: 400-800 IU daily
• Wean puppies earlier: Start supplementary feeding from week 3-4
• Litter rotation: Allow nursing only every other time

Puppy health: warning signs

Critical symptoms (IMMEDIATE vet):

Deworming and parasite control

Deworming protocol (ESCCAP guidelines):

• Puppies day 14: First deworming (fenbendazole, pyrantel)
• Day 28: Second deworming
• Day 42: Third deworming
• Day 56: Fourth deworming
• Month 3-6: Deworm monthly
• From month 6: Every 3 months (adult dogs)

Mother deworming:

• Before mating: 7-10 days before
• Day 40 of pregnancy: Fenbendazole (day 40-42-44)
• After birth: Day 14 together with the puppies

Puppy-safe active ingredients:

• Fenbendazole (Panacur)
• Pyrantel
• NOT ivermectin (neurotoxic in young puppies!)

Preparing for the first vaccination

Vaccination schedule:

• Week 6-8: Maternal antibodies decline
• Week 8: First core vaccination (parvovirus, distemper, HCC)
• Week 12: Second vaccination
• Week 16: Third vaccination (rabies)

Ensure before vaccination:

• Health: Puppies fully healthy, no fever
• Deworming: 7-10 days before vaccination
• Weight: Minimum weight reached (500 g for small breeds)

Common problems during pregnancy

Complications during pregnancy, birth, and puppy rearing can occur despite optimal preparation. Early detection and quick action are crucial for positive outcomes.

Dystocia (difficult birth) - detailed analysis

Already mentioned in the birth process chapter, here is the expanded view:

Uterine inertia (weak contractions) - most common cause:

• Definition: Contractions do not start or are too weak
• Causes:
  • Fatigue from prolonged opening phase
  • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
  • Hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency)
  • Small litter size (<3 puppies, little stimulus)
  • Large litter size (>10 puppies, overdistension)
• Symptoms: Weak, infrequent contractions (<2 per 10 minutes)

Secondary uterine inertia:

• Definition: Contractions stop after initial progress
• Causes: Maternal fatigue, obstructive component
• Symptoms: Contractions stop, bitch becomes apathetic

Management:

• Medical: Oxytocin (CAUTION: only if the birth canal is clear!)
• Surgical: Cesarean section after 2+ hours without progress

Fading Puppy Syndrome (FPS) - expanded

Incidence: According to veterinary literature (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, PMID: 24880625), neonatal mortality in the first 2 weeks is 17-30%, depending on breed, litter size, and management factors. Important note: If puppies show weakness, seek veterinary help IMMEDIATELY.

Main causes (by frequency):

• IgG < 230 mg/dl
• No/late colostrum intake
• E. coli, streptococci, staphylococci
• Often from contaminated whelping box
• Heart defects, cleft palate, hydrocephalus
• Often genetic
• Insufficient milk intake
• Too low ambient temperature

Prevention strategies:

• Colostrum management: Every puppy on a nipple in 0-4h
• Temperature control: 30-32°C week 1
• Hygiene: Daily cleaning of the whelping box
• Monitoring: Daily weighing of all puppies
• Early detection: Isolate weak puppies + veterinarian

Metritis (uterine inflammation)

Causes:

• Retained placenta (most common cause)
• Retained/mummified puppies
• Ascending infection
• Uterine injury during dystocia

Symptoms:

• Early symptoms (24-72h postpartum):
  • Fever (>39.5°C, often >40°C)
  • Loss of appetite
  • Neglect of puppies
• Advanced symptoms:
  • Foul-smelling discharge (green-brown, purulent)
  • Apathy, depression
  • Dehydration
  • Reduced milk production

Diagnosis:

• Ultrasound: Identify retained placentas/puppies
• Blood work: Leukocytosis, elevated CRP
• Vaginal swab: Bacterial culture

Treatment (intensive therapy):

• Broad-spectrum antibiotics: Ceftiofur, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (14 days)
• Prostaglandin F2α: Uterine contraction + expulsion of contents
• Fluid therapy: IV in case of dehydration
• Cesarean section: If a puppy is retained

Agalactia (milk deficiency) and hypogalactia

Agalactia: Complete absence of milk production Hypogalactia: Insufficient milk quantity

Causes:

• Mastitis: Painful inflammation prevents milk flow
• Hypocalcemia: Calcium deficiency impairs production
• Stress: High cortisol level inhibits prolactin
• Poor nutrition: Energy deficiency during lactation
• Primary agalactia: Congenital gland dysfunction (rare)

Symptoms:

• Puppies cry constantly (hunger)
• No weight gain/weight loss
• Puppies change nipples frequently (no milk)
• Mother becomes restless (puppies painfully suckle empty nipples)

Management:

1. Treat the cause: Mastitis antibiotics, calcium supplementation
2. Promote milk production:
   • Metoclopramide (prolactin stimulation)
   • Frequent latching of puppies
   • Warm compresses before nursing
3. Supplemental feeding:
   • Puppy milk replacer every 2-3 hours
   • Temperature 38°C

Canine Herpesvirus (CHV-1) infection

Especially dangerous for puppies <3 weeks old

Transmission:

• Contact with infected dogs (mating, birth)
• Oronasal intake by puppies

Symptoms in puppies:

• Acute form (<1 week old):
  • Sudden death possible without prior symptoms
  • Persistent crying
  • Refusal of food
  • Low temperature (<35°C)

Important note: If CHV is suspected, contact a veterinarian IMMEDIATELY. This is a veterinary emergency.

• Subacute form (1-3 weeks old):
  • Respiratory symptoms
  • Neurological symptoms (ataxia)
  • Hemorrhages

Diagnosis:

• PCR from swab samples
• Post-mortem: Characteristic lesions in kidneys/liver

Treatment:

• NO specific therapy available
• Supportive measures:
  • Increase ambient temperature to 35-37°C (inhibits viral replication)
  • Fluid therapy
  • Isolation of infected puppies

Prevention:

• Vaccination of the mother: Herpesvirus vaccine before mating and day 7-10 ante partum
• Isolation: Keep the pregnant bitch away from other dogs

Puppy diarrhea

Causes (by age):

Week 1-2:

• Overfeeding: Too much milk replacer
• Milk too cold: Digestive disturbances
• Bacteria: E. coli (most common cause)
• Viruses: Rotavirus, coronavirus

Week 3-8:

• Parasites: Coccidia (Isospora), giardia, worms
• Bacteria: Salmonella, Campylobacter
• Diet change: Too rapid switch to solid food
• Parvovirus: Life-threatening, emergency!

Symptoms by severity:

Mild:

• Soft stool
• Normal activity
• Drinks normally

Moderate:

• Watery stool
• Reduced activity
• Mild dehydration

Severe (EMERGENCY):

• Bloody diarrhea
• Apathy
• Dehydration (sunken eyes, dry mucous membranes)

Treatment:

• Mild: Fasting period 12h, then bland food
• Moderate: Probiotics, electrolyte solutions
• Severe: IMMEDIATE veterinarian - IV fluid therapy, antibiotics

Umbilical hernia

Causes:

• Genetic predisposition
• Weak connective tissue
• Excessive traction on the umbilical cord during birth

Types:

• Reducible: Contents can be pushed back
• Incarcerated: Intestinal loops trapped (EMERGENCY!)

Symptoms:

• Soft swelling at the navel
• Usually painless
• Size 0.5-5 cm in diameter

Management:

• <1 cm: Often resolves spontaneously by week 12
• 1-3 cm: Surgical correction at neutering (6-12 months)
• >3 cm or incarcerated: Immediate surgery required

Costs of a dog pregnancy

A dog pregnancy causes significant costs that are often underestimated. Realistic budgeting is essential.

Veterinary costs (detailed)

Before pregnancy:

During pregnancy:

Birth and aftercare:

Nutrition costs

Additional food costs (9 weeks pregnancy + 8 weeks lactation):

Small breeds (5-10 kg bitch):

• Normal food costs: ~30 €/month
• During pregnancy: 40-50 €/month
• During lactation (1-3 puppies): 60-90 €/month
• Total additional cost: ~120-180 €

Medium breeds (10-25 kg bitch):

• Normal: ~60 €/month
• Pregnancy: 80-100 €/month
• Lactation (4-6 puppies): 150-200 €/month
• Total additional cost: ~250-350 €

Large breeds (>25 kg bitch):

• Normal: ~100 €/month
• Pregnancy: 130-160 €/month
• Lactation (7-10 puppies): 250-350 €/month
• Total additional cost: ~400-600 €

Additionally:

• Supplements: Folic acid, omega-3 (30-50 €)
• Puppy milk replacer: (if needed) 60-100 €
• Supplementary feeding starter: From week 4 (40-80 €)

Equipment and accessories

One-time purchases:

Consumables:

Total equipment cost: 315-655 €

Puppy starter equipment (per puppy)

Health (first 8 weeks):

Per puppy until handover: 90-140 €

Example 5 puppies: 450-700 €

🚨 Emergency cost calculator

Prepare for emergencies:

IMPORTANT: Plan for at least a 1,500-2,000 € emergency reserve!

Best-case scenario (uncomplicated birth, small breed, 3 puppies):

• Vet (pregnancy + normal birth): 300-450 €
• Additional food costs: 120-180 €
• Equipment: 315-655 €
• First puppy care (3 puppies): 270-420 €
• TOTAL: 1,005-1,705 €

Average case (medium breed, 5 puppies, minor complications):

• Vet: 500-800 €
• Food: 250-350 €
• Equipment: 400-500 €
• Puppies: 450-700 €
• Emergency reserve: 100-200 €
• TOTAL: 1,700-2,550 €

Worst case (large breed, cesarean, 10 puppies, complications):

• Vet (incl. cesarean): 1,200-2,000 €
• Food: 400-600 €
• Equipment: 500-700 €
• Puppies: 900-1,400 €
• Complications (mastitis, eclampsia): 300-500 €
• TOTAL: 3,300-5,200 €

Hidden costs and time investment

Non-monetary costs:

• Time commitment: 100-200 hours over 17 weeks
  • Week 1-9 (pregnancy): 1-2h/day
  • Week 10-17 (birth + puppy rearing): 6-12h/day
• Lack of sleep: 2-4 weeks post-birth
• No vacation: No travel for 4+ months
• Loss of work time: Potentially 1-2 weeks around birth

Long-term costs (if problems arise):

• Mother's health damage: Follow-up treatments 500-2,000 €
• Puppy health problems: Cesarean puppies more vulnerable
• Unsold puppies: Food + vet care until placement

Profitability calculation (hobby breeding)

Income (typical):

• Puppy purchase price: 800-2,500 € (breed dependent)
• Example 5 puppies at 1,500 €: 7,500 € gross income

Expenses (average case): 1,700-2,550 €

"Profit": 4,950-5,800 €

BUT:

• Time commitment: 150 hours = 33-39 €/hour "wage"
• Risk: Cesarean section -> profit eliminated
• Taxes: Hobby breeding taxable from the 3rd litter/year
• Breeder memberships: VDH/breeding association 100-300 €/year

Reality: Most hobby breeders make no profit, but rather cover costs or pay extra.

Pregnancy duration and detection

How long is a bitch pregnant? The average pregnancy duration is 63 days (9 weeks) from ovulation. Since mating often takes several days, the duration from mating varies between 58-68 days. Calculation is precise from the progesterone test (LH peak).

From when can pregnancy be detected?

• X-ray: From day 45 (skeletal ossification visible)

What does a pregnancy ultrasound cost? 50-80 € for one examination. Many veterinarians recommend 2 ultrasounds: day 25-30 (confirmation) and day 40-45 (puppy count estimation).

Can you test a dog pregnancy at home? Yes, using a relaxin rapid test (25-40 €, pharmacy/online). Reliable from day 30. Works like a human pregnancy test. BUT: Ultrasound by a veterinarian remains the gold standard.

Nutrition during pregnancy

What can a pregnant bitch eat?

• Week 1-3: Normal high-quality food
• Week 4-9: Puppy food (higher energy density)
• Forbidden: Raw meat/fish (salmonella), raw eggs, soft cheese (listeria)
• Allowed: Cooked meat, vegetables, high-quality dry food

How much must a pregnant bitch eat?

Which vitamins does a pregnant bitch need?

• Folic acid: 0.27 mg/100 g body weight (from 4 weeks before mating)
• Omega-3 (DHA/EPA): 20-30 mg/kg body weight
• Vitamin E: Antioxidant for fetal development
• NO calcium supplement: Increases eclampsia risk

Can a pregnant bitch get dietary supplements? Yes, but selectively:

• ✅ Folic acid (essential!)
• ✅ Omega-3 fatty acids
• ✅ Vitamin B complex
• ❌ Calcium (only in proven deficiency)
• ❌ Vitamin A (teratogenic in high doses)

Activity and daily life

Can a pregnant bitch go for walks? Yes, moderate exercise is healthy:

• Week 1-6: Normal walks allowed
• Week 7-9: Shorter, slower walks
• Forbidden: Jogging, agility, jumps, rough play
• Important: The bitch sets the pace, no forcing

Can a pregnant bitch still run? Week 1-4: Moderate running okay Week 5-9: NO - risk of placental detachment, abortion, premature birth

Can you bathe a pregnant bitch? Yes, but with caution:

• Water temperature: 37-38°C (body-warm)
• Avoid: Hot water (>39°C) - risk of hyperthermia
• Non-slip surface: Risk of falling
• Gentle products: Mild dog shampoos
• Alternative: Dry shampoo from week 7

Veterinary care

How often does a pregnant bitch need to see the veterinarian? Minimum standard:

• Day 25-30: Ultrasound (pregnancy confirmation)
• Day 45-50: X-ray (puppy count determination)
• Day 55-58: Birth readiness check

Recommended for high-risk bitches: 4-5 checks

Which vaccinations before pregnancy? Booster 4 weeks BEFORE mating:

• Distemper, parvovirus, leptospirosis, hepatitis
• Rabies (legally required)
• Optional: Herpesvirus vaccine (if CHV history)

During pregnancy: NO vaccinations (teratogenic risk)

Can a pregnant bitch be dewormed? Yes, with specific protocols:

• Before mating: Deworm 7-10 days before
• Day 40-42-44 of pregnancy: Fenbendazole 50 mg/kg (3 days)
• After birth: Day 14 together with puppies
• Active ingredients: Only fenbendazole, pyrantel (puppy-safe)
• NOT: Ivermectin, moxidectin (teratogenic)

Birth preparation

When should the whelping box be set up? 2-4 weeks before the due date - the bitch needs time to acclimate. Ideally set it up on day 40-45 of pregnancy.

What is needed for the birth? Essential:

• Whelping box (80-120 cm depending on size)
• Heat lamp (infrared red light)
• Digital scale (0-5 kg)
• Thermometer (birth announcement)
• Towels (30+ pieces)
• Bulb syringe (airway clearing)
• Sterile scissors/clamps (umbilical cord)
• Veterinary emergency number

When does the temperature drop before birth? 24-48 hours before birth, the rectal temperature falls from the normal 38.5-39.5°C to 37-38°C. This is the most reliable sign of impending birth. Measure temperature twice daily from day 58.

How do you recognize the start of labor? Opening phase (6-12h before):

• Nesting behavior (scratching, digging)
• Loss of appetite
• Panting, restlessness
• Temperature drop to 37-38°C

Expulsion phase (birth starts):

• Visible contractions (abdominal muscles contract)
• Active straining
• Amniotic sac visible at the vulva

Birth process

How long does a normal dog birth take? 6-12 hours on average. Varies significantly:

• Small litters (<4 puppies): 2-6 hours
• Medium litters (5-7 puppies): 6-10 hours
• Large litters (>8 puppies): 10-16 hours

>12 hours: Consult a veterinarian >24 hours: EMERGENCY

How much time between puppies is normal? 15-60 minutes is normal.

• First puppy after start of straining: 10-30 minutes
• Between puppies: 15-60 minutes
• Longer pauses: Up to 2 hours acceptable (mother rests)

>2 hours without contractions: Contact veterinarian >3 hours: Emergency examination

When must you intervene during birth? IMMEDIATE veterinarian if:

• Green discharge WITHOUT a puppy (placental detachment)
• Active straining >20 minutes without a puppy
• Puppy stuck halfway (>10 minutes)
• Heavy bleeding (>1 tablespoon)
• Mother collapses (eclampsia, shock)
• No puppy 24h after temperature drop

Is breech position dangerous in dogs?

• Legs are bent (instead of extended)
• Puppy is stuck >10 minutes
• Mother shows exhaustion

What do you do if the mother does not care for the puppy? Take over immediately:

1. Tear open the amniotic sac with a finger (30 seconds!)
2. Suction mucus from nose/mouth
3. Hold puppy upside down, shake gently
4. Rub vigorously with a towel (stimulate breathing)
5. Tie off and cut the umbilical cord 2-3 cm from the abdomen
6. Place puppy on mother to nurse

Puppy care

When do puppies open their eyes? Day 10-14 after birth. Large variability:

• Early: Day 8-9 (rare)
• Normal: Day 10-14
• Late: Day 15-17 (still normal)
• >Day 18: Consult a veterinarian

How often do puppies need to drink?

• Week 1: Every 2-3 hours (8-12x/day, also at night!)
• Week 2: Every 3-4 hours (6-8x/day)
• Week 3-4: Every 4-6 hours (4-6x/day)
• From week 4: Supplementary feeding starts

How much should puppies weigh? Birth weight:

• Small breeds: 80-150 g
• Medium breeds: 200-400 g
• Large breeds: 400-700 g

Weight development:

• Day 7-10: Weight doubles
• Day 14: Weight triples
• Week 4: Weight quadruples

When are puppies dewormed for the first time? Day 14 after birth (2 weeks old), then day 28, 42, 56, then monthly until 6 months. Active ingredients: Fenbendazole or pyrantel.

From when can puppies be rehomed? Legally: At least 8 weeks (EU law) Recommended: 10-12 weeks (better socialization) Responsible: After 2nd vaccination (week 12)

Complications

What is eclampsia in dogs? Life-threatening hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency), usually week 2-4 after birth. Symptoms: muscle tremors, seizures, fever, collapse. EMERGENCY - fatal within 12h without treatment. Therapy: calcium gluconate IV.

How do you recognize mastitis (mammary gland inflammation)?

• Swollen, hard, painful nipples
• Redness around the nipple
• Hot nipple (elevated temperature)
• Discolored milk (yellow-green, bloody)
• Fever, loss of appetite

What is Fading Puppy Syndrome? Sudden death of apparently healthy puppies in week 1-2. Causes: insufficient immunity, infections, hypothermia, hypoglycemia. Prevention: colostrum 0-4h, temperature control 30-32°C, daily weighing.

How often does a cesarean section occur?

Cost: 500-1,500 € depending on clinic and time of day.

Costs

What does a dog pregnancy cost in total? Best-case: 1,000-1,700 € (small breed, uncomplicated, 3 puppies) Average: 1,700-2,550 € (medium breed, 5 puppies) Worst-case: 3,300-5,200 € (large breed, cesarean, 10 puppies, complications)

Is dog breeding financially worthwhile? Hobby breeding: Usually NO profit. With 5 puppies at 1,500 € each (7,500 € income) minus 1,700-2,550 € costs, 4,950-5,800 € remain. Time investment 100-200 hours = 25-58 €/hour "wage" WITHOUT risk calculation.

Professional breeding: Only profitable from 3+ litters/year with an established reputation.

Week-by-week checklist (brief overview)

4 weeks BEFORE mating:

• Veterinary health check
• Booster vaccination (all vaccinations current)
• Deworming (7-10 days before mating)
• Start folic acid supplementation (0.27 mg/100 g body weight)

Week 1-3 of pregnancy:

• Continue normal food (no changes)
• Normal activity allowed
• Weekly weight control
• Plan veterinary appointment for ultrasound (day 25-30)

Week 4-6 of pregnancy:

• Ultrasound day 25-30 (pregnancy confirmation)
• Switch to puppy food
• Reduce activity (no jogging/jumping)
• Order/build whelping box

Week 7-9 of pregnancy:

• X-ray day 45-50 (puppy count determination)
• Birth check day 55-58
• Set up whelping box (day 40-45)
• Obtain birth assistance equipment
• Prepare veterinary emergency contacts
• From day 58: Measure temperature twice daily
• Deworming day 40-42-44 (fenbendazole 3 days)

Birth (day 63 ± 5 days):

• Observed temperature drop to 37-38°C
• Whelping box prepared (clean, warm, quiet)
• Document birth process (note times)
• Count each placenta (number = number of puppies)
• Ensure first puppy colostrum intake (0-4h!)

Week 1 after birth:

• Weigh puppies daily (check weight gain)
• Keep ambient temperature 30-32°C
• Monitor mother health (temperature, nipples, discharge)
• Mother food amount 2-3x normal
• Day 14: First deworming (puppies + mother)

Week 2-4 after birth:

• Gradually lower ambient temperature (27-29°C week 2, 24-26°C week 3)
• Observe eye opening (day 10-14)
• Day 28: Second deworming
• From week 4: Start supplementary feeding (puppy mush)

Week 5-8 after birth:

• Start socialization (gentle touch, sounds)
• Day 42: Third deworming
• Day 56: Fourth deworming
• Week 8: First vaccination (parvovirus, distemper, HCC)
• Week 8: Microchip + issue EU passport
• Prepare puppy handover (purchase contracts, counseling)

Emergency contacts (prepare NOW!)

BIRTH EMERGENCY CARD - HANG IN A VISIBLE PLACE

Veterinarian:
Name: _______________________________
Phone: ____________________________
Availability: _____________________

24h animal clinic:
Name: _______________________________
Address: ____________________________
Phone: ____________________________
Distance: _____ km / _____ min drive

Backup veterinarian:
Name: _______________________________
Phone: ____________________________

Experienced breeder (advice):
Name: _______________________________
Phone: ____________________________

Expected due date: ____________
Puppy count (X-ray): _____
Mother's blood type: ___________________

Complete shopping list (to check off)

Whelping box equipment:

• Whelping box 80-120 cm (depending on breed size)
• Puppy protection rail (10 cm high)
• Waterproof underlay (plastic sheet)
• Washable blankets/towels (30+ pieces)
• Disposable pads (100 pieces)

Heat sources:

• Infrared heat lamp (50-100W red light)
• Heating pad (temperature-regulated)
• Hot water bottles (2-3 pieces)
• Thermometer (room + digital room thermometer)

Birth assistance medical items:

• Digital thermometer (rectal)
• Sterile gloves (10 pairs)
• Disinfectant (iodine solution)
• Sterile scissors
• Clamps/sterile thread (5 pieces)
• Bulb syringe (2 pieces)
• Digital scale 0-5 kg

Hygiene and care:

• Disposable gloves (100 pieces)
• Trash bags (extra)
• Detergent (sensitive)
• Paper towels (several rolls)

Nutrition (mother):

• High-quality puppy food (5-10 kg)
• Folic acid supplement
• Omega-3 supplement
• Food/water bowls (extra large)

Emergency stock (puppies):

• Puppy milk replacer (1 can)
• Puppy bottle + teat
• Sterile saline solution

Documentation:

• Weight log (prepare table)
• Clock/timer (contraction intervals)
• Notebook + pen
• Camera (puppy documentation)

Timeline overview (print version)

Final checklist before puppy handover

Health (per puppy):

• Dewormed 4x (day 14, 28, 42, 56)
• Vaccinated 1x (parvovirus, distemper, HCC)
• Microchipped
• EU pet passport issued
• Veterinary health certificate

Socialization:

• Positive contact with people (5+ persons)
• Familiarized with various sounds
• Experienced different surfaces
• First car rides completed
• House-training started

Documentation for buyers:

• Pedigree/family tree (if breeding association)
• Vaccination record fully completed
• Purchase contract prepared
• Food sample provided (1 week)
• Care instructions in writing
• Lifelong return offer documented

Final health check:

• Puppies weigh 4-6x birth weight
• Normal activity, playful
• Eats firmer food independently
• Stool regular, formed
• No signs of parasites
• Eyes clear, ears clean
• Navel fully healed

📚 Further reading

• Dog nutrition
• Vitamin deficiency in dogs
• Dog immune system

Sources

Scientific studies (PubMed):

1. PMID: 1168909 - Nett TM et al. Levels of luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone in serum during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the Beagle bitch. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1975. Link

Important legal notices

Individual advice: The information does not replace individual veterinary advice. If your dog has health problems, always consult a veterinarian.

Dietary supplements: Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a balanced diet and cannot replace veterinary treatment. They can contribute to maintaining normal body functions.

EU Regulation 767/2009: All information complies with the legal requirements for animal feed and dietary supplements.

Important notes

Individual advice: The information does not replace individual veterinary advice. If your dog has health problems, always consult a veterinarian.

Dietary supplements: Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a balanced diet and cannot replace veterinary treatment.